Fleet-average emission requirements will be met with elevated gross sales of zero-emission automobiles, even with little or no discount in tailpipe emissions of recent inner combustion engine (ICE) automobiles. This phenomenon is called “backsliding,” the place the common emissions of ICE automobiles may improve, since rising numbers of electrical automobiles may scale back or eradicate regulatory motivation to enhance non-plug-in fashions.
To proceed decreasing emissions from new automobiles and reduce the chance of combustion engine automobile backsliding, fleet-average requirements might be strengthened, or ICE-only requirements might be developed. Sturdy hybrid electrical automobiles (HEVs) characterize the utmost degree of greenhouse fuel reductions achievable in non-plug-in automobiles demonstrated by way of 2024 and are available applied sciences automakers can implement cost-effectively starting in 2025.
This paper analyzed HEV know-how and potential CO2 emission reductions, the historic and future prices of this know-how, and the way future laws might be designed to reduce emissions from ICE-equipped automobiles and arrives on the following conclusions:
Sturdy hybrids are cost-effective for shoppers and automakers.
Hybrid automobiles price lower than beforehand assumed in regulatory paperwork and their price will possible lower additional sooner or later.
The effectivity of hybrids can proceed to enhance by way of utility of identified, cost-effective applied sciences.
